“…ch are enforceable (‘horizontally’) against others. See, for example, the decisions in Group Josi Reinsurance Company SA v Universal General Insurance Company (Case C-412/98); Owusu (above); Hypotecni Bank v Lindner (Case C – 327/10); and Vedanta Resources PLC v Lungowe [2019] UKSC 20.…”
“…albeit that in the particular case of claims against policyholders, insureds or beneficiaries, the same result is achieved. See, UGIC v Group Josi Reinsurance (Case C-412/98) [2001] QB 68, at [49] and [70] – [72]. I would add, first, that I do not think anything turns in the present case on whether Section 3 and Art. 14 in particul…”