“…r subconscious bias was upheld in the House of Lords, confirming the principle, established in R v Birmingham City Council, Ex p Equal Opportunities Commission [1989] AC 1155 and James v Eastleigh Borough Council [1990] ICR 554; [1990] 2 AC 751, that no hostile or malicious motive is required. James v Eastleigh Borough Council also …”
“…which he relied for that well-established principle was the decision of the House of Lords in R v Birmingham City Council, ex p. Equal Opportunities Commission [1989] AC 1155, which arose under the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. In that case, at 1194, Lord Goff of Chieveley said:…”